As with other potential CVD biomarkers, GAL-3 is also detected in many non-cardiac disorders, including kidney disease [319,320,321,322], diabetes [319,320,323], viral infections [306,324,325,326], autoimmune diseases [327,328,329,330], neurodegenerative disorders [331,332,333,334,335], and tumour formation [336,337,338,339,340,341,342,343,344,345]. This evidence concerns the gene LGALS3 and viral infectious disease.