In this regard, BPIFA1 was shown to inhibit growth of Mycoplasma pneumonia [36], act directly against Gram-negative bacterial cell wall integrity and biofilm formation [38], as well as a chemoattractant that recruits macrophages and neutrophils to the site of infection [13], thereby enhancing epithelium-mediated innate host defenses. Here, BPIFA1 is linked to infection.