The neuronal disturbance in the course of diabetes can be associated with prolonged microglial and astrocyte activation that in response leads to the release of cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), and interferon gamma (IFNγ), and chemokines such as ractalkine (CX3CL1) [15]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and diabetes mellitus.