APP and early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease: For example, the transcription errors in the genes encoding UBB and APP lead to translation of the toxic forms of ubiquitin-B and amyloid precursor proteins in patients with Alzheimer’s disease [8,9], and the 8-Oxoguanine-mediated transcription errors in the RAS gene can induce the oncogenic pathway in mammalian cells [10].