TNF and Insulin resistance: Among the inflammatory markers in CKD, IL-1, IL-6, TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor)-α, C-reactive protein (CRP), adipokines, adhesion molecules, and the CD40 ligand are particularly important and associated with many complications (e.g., malnutrition, coronary calcification, atherosclerosis, atrial fibrillation, left ventricular hypertrophy, heart failure, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, mineral and bone diseases, anaemia, and erythropoietin resistance).