NPY and neuropathy: It is hypothesized that the presence of NPY-LA is associated with activation of the innate immune system, where NPY-LA may interact with the MAPK pathway in the regulation of glucose homeostasis, inflammation, cell survival, ABC transporter, and Ca2+ levels in β cells, leukocytes, endothelial cells, and neurons in the development of T1D and possibly in T2D neuropathies or vascular disorders.