INS and Insulin resistance: However, it is worth mentioning that the cross-talk among the deficit or impaired action of vitamin D, inflammation, and insulin resistance plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, as exemplified by insulin resistance can be the consequence or the cause of deficiency/resistance of vitamin D, and many beneficial effects evoked by the vitamin D supplementation on the cardiovascular system are mediated by the improvement of insulin sensitivity ([40]).