A phase 1/2 clinical trial with TD139, an inhaled small-molecule galectin-3 inhibitor, has revealed promising results in IPF patients and healthy subjects as TD139 was well-tolerated and patients showed reduced serum levels of biomarkers of IPF progression, including PDGF and the chemokine CCL18, compared to placebo [140]. Here, CCL18 is linked to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.