PDCD1 and neoplasm: A recent study used immunohistochemistry, laser capture microdissection/qRT-PCR, flow cytometry and functional analysis of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) from CRC patients and unveiled that the dynamic immune microenvironment of MSI was balanced by multiple counter-inhibitory checkpoints, such as programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), PD-L1, cytotoxic T cell-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), LAG-3 and IDO [72].