CCL5 and neoplasm: Inhibition of CCL5 alone in PDAC has shown dismal results in pre-clinical trials and is not enough to reduce PDAC progression; however, combination therapy of anti-CCL5 and anti-PD-L1 has shown potential therapeutic effects in PDAC via enhanced interferon-gamma secretion and significantly upregulating tumour infiltrating CD8+ T cells (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01) [46].