These AD pathology-associated astrocyte subpopulations display different gene expression signatures characterized by, for example, (1) the upregulation of GLUL and CLU, and downregulation of APOE [170]; (2) enrichment for TGFβ signaling and immune responses, with upregulation of C3 [85]; (3) downregulation of genes implicated in metabolic coordination [171]; (4) expression of Aβ plaque-induced genes [172]; (5) enriched expression of stress response-associated genes [173]; (6) GFAP-high subpopulation with upregulation of genes involved in the extracellular matrix and proteostasis [174]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to Alzheimer disease.