Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are one of the most studied biomarkers for anti-PD-(L)1 immunotherapy due to the fact that all individual types of lymphocytes (including CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, B cells, NK cells, and others) have been shown to be critical for effective anti-tumor immunity and that TILs are routinely identified in tumor tissues simply stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) [9,223,224,225,226,227,228,229]. The gene discussed is CD8A; the disease is neoplasm.