These cytokines in turn activate serine kinases such as IκB kinase β (IKKβ), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6K), and mammalian target of rapamycin 32 (mTOR32) in adipocytes, which mediate inhibitory phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1), causing insulin resistance [22]. The gene discussed is IRS1; the disease is Insulin resistance.