CXCL8 and post-traumatic stress disorder: Additional PTSD peripheral studies of pro-inflammatory molecules have shown increased levels of TNF-α in PTSD veterans [119], an upregulation of IL-1, IL-1B, IL-8, IL-4R, IL-16 and NF-κB in military personnel [62], increased levels of CRP associated with PTSD symptom severity [29], as well as an association between the CRP polymorphism (rs3091244)and lifetime trauma exposure and PTSD severity and the association between rs1205 and rs2794520 with PTSD severity and serum CRP levels relation [6,30].