Coincubation of GRP78.1x CAR T cells with MOLM13 human leukemia cells expressing csGRP78 were shown to enhance the levels of anti-tumor cytokines interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-2, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and to a lesser extent, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-13 [22]. Here, TNF is linked to leukemia.