Mutations induce family-linked PD cases in the mtDNA or nuclear DNA of the following genes: E3 ubiquitin ligase (Parkin), aSyn, ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1), a Parkin-associated protein involved with oxidative stress (DJ1), putative serine-threonine kinase (PINK1), auxilin (DNAJC6), synaptojanin 1 (SYNJ1), serine peptidase 2 (HTRA2) and endophilin A1 (SH3GL2). Here, PINK1 is linked to Parkinson disease.