NOX4 and endothelial dysfunction: In addition to causing damage to various organs, saturated free fatty acids, such as palmitic acid (PA), can induce endothelial dysfunction through different mechanisms, such as PA-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation via the calcium 2+/protein kinase C-alpha/NADPH oxidase 4 (Ca2+/PKCα/NOX4) pathway, to impair endothelial function [3].