TNF and neoplasm: A plethora of studies has reported that gut microbes can influence colorectal cancer development by mechanisms involving increasing tumor multiplicity and recruitment of tumor-promoting myeloid cell populations, activation of inflammatory transcription factors (e.g., NFκB, STAT3), and increased secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators (e.g., TNFα, IL-1β, IL6) and DNA damage due to oxidative injury [71].