IL1B and astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma): In human brain tissue resected during epilepsy surgery, elevated expression of IL-1β and IL-1RA was found in focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) and glioneuronal tumors [24], as well as in cortical tubers and giant cell astrocytoma in patients with tuberous sclerosis [25] and in hippocampal sclerosis [26].