TGFB1 and diabetic kidney disease: Specifically, vitamin E supplementation improved eGFR compared to placebo at eight months (mean difference 1.9 ± 5.76 vs. −3.29 ± 9.24; p = 0.011), but those benefits were not maintained at 12 months [107] and were not paralleled by any benefits to albuminuria or serum biomarkers, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1)—a fibrinogenic cytokine that plays a key pathogenetic role in DKD.