Activated microglia can release proinflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-6), other inflammatory markers (Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), OX-42, OX-46, CD11b), and numerous inflammatory signaling pathway factors (NF-kB, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p53, and NO/cGMP pathway) [40], which are involved in neuropathogenesis-induced HE [61,86]. Here, TNF is linked to hereditary elliptocytosis.