AFP and neoplasm: Liu and co-workers demonstrated the theranostic effects of polymeric micelles with the surface-linked biotinylated AFP antibodies with a biotin–avidin reaction in tumor-bearing Kunming mice after intravenous administration, and discovered that polymeric micelles demonstrated significantly higher signal intensity and a longer imaging duration in the tumor, owing to the specificity of AFP targeting effects and Gd-ion chelation with the micelles (Figure 3A) [43].