PARP1 and neoplasm: Furthermore, RMES13E cells had high levels of phospho-Akt (data not shown), and the kidney tissues from mice that were continually exposed to Cd had upregulated phospho-Akt, phospho-ERK, and antiapoptotic Bcl-2 levels and decreased cleavage of procaspase-3 and PARP-1 (Supplementary Fig. 8), which can contribute to tumor development41–43.