MAPK3 and neurodevelopmental disorder: Mutations in components of the MAPK signaling pathway, termed the RASopathies, produce numerous neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism (Adviento et al., 2014; Levitt and Campbell, 2009), and the MAPK3 gene has been suggested to contribute to the head size changes in 16p11.2 individuals (Shinawi et al., 2010).