For instance, mice that overexpress a constitutively active mutant of IF1 in the liver are more prone to hepatocarcinogenesis upon diethyl-nitrosamine administration, stressing the pro-oncogenic role of IF1 in liver cancer progression (Santacatterina et al., 2016; Formentini et al., 2012; Song et al., 2014). Here, ATP5IF1 is linked to liver cancer.