CCL2 and Arthritis: Inhibiting inflammatory mediators including IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and MCP-1 in PNS (Wu and Chen, 2019); Attenuating adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats by inhibiting synovial inflammation and restoring the Th17/Treg balance in PNS (Zhang H. et al., 2020); Ameliorating inflammatory response through regulating COX-2 and NF-κB signaling pathways in BV-2 cells and in RAW264.7 cells (Liu et al., 2009; Meng et al., 2021); Maintaining mitochondrial anti-oxidant functions and suppressing ROS production in PNS (Wu and Chen, 2019)