PINK1 and Hyperglycemia: In ARPE-19 cells, the induction of 30 mM glucose (48 h) activated autophagy, increased the number of autophagosomes, up-regulated ROS, and significantly increased the expression of Bcl2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa interacting protein 3-like (BNIP3L) and PTEN induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1), autophagy disorder mediates damage of retinal pigment epithelial cells by hyperglycemia (Huang et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2021).