INS and diabetes mellitus: Moreover, we found that SDANN was closely associated with both lower eGFR and higher UACR, the 2 important markers of CKD, and this relationship still established independently after adjusting for many common hazard factors, such as age, gender, BMI, diabetes duration, drinking status, smoking status, presence of hypertension and DR, prevalence of hypoglycemia, HbA1c levels, and use of insulin, RAAS inhibitors, diuretics, or beta-blockers.