INS and Hypertension: Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate an independent association between HRV and CKD (Table 4), with covariates for the gender, age, BMI, diabetes duration, drinking, smoking, presence of DR and hypertension, prevalence of hypoglycemia, HbA1c levels, and the use of insulin, an RAAS inhibitor, diuretic, or beta-blocker.