Significant DMPs fall within genes involved in the TFG-β related pathways (e.g. BMP2, FLCN, ING2, PMEPA1, PRDM16, TGFB1I1 and TGFBR3), in line with previous studies that reported an association between these genes and the increased asthma risk (63–68). Here, TGFB1I1 is linked to asthma.