Marked upregulation was observed in CCA tissues for carcinogenic genes, including lipocalin 2 (LCN2), mesothelin (MSLN), deleted in malignant brain tumors 1 (DMBT1), Mac-2-binding protein or L-galectin-3-binding protein (LGALS3BP), secreted phosphoprotein 1 or osteopontin (SPP1), vimentin (VIM), cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44), S100 calcium binding protein A1 (S100A1), annexin A2 (ANXA2), Fc gamma binding protein (FCGBP), and members of the 14–3-3 family of intracellular signaling proteins such as 14–3-3σ or stratifin (SFN, YWHAS) and 14–3-3θ (YWHAQ). Here, MSLN is linked to cholangiocarcinoma.