To further confirm that ATP1A1 plays a major role in mediating tumor progression, we performed direct contact-mediated sphere formation (Supplementary Fig. 5a–d), 3D spheroid invasion (Supplementary Fig. 5e, f), and liver colonization (Supplementary Fig. 5g, h) assays using tumor cells with shRNA-mediated ATP1A1 knockdown (compared to control shRNA). Here, ATP1A1 is linked to neoplasm.