The impact of ultradian rhythmic disruption of the reproductive axis requires additional study (Veldhuis et al., 1988; Sir-Petermann et al., 1999; Herbison, 2018), but existing work in other hormonal systems suggests that preservation of pulsatility in drug delivery (e.g., of cortisol in Addison’s disease or insulin in diabetes) can lead to better patient outcomes when compared to conventional non-rhythmic treatment (Lightman and Terry, 2014; Smarr et al., 2016a; Choi et al., 2018; Kalafatakis et al., 2018; Lightman et al., 2020). Here, INS is linked to diabetes mellitus.