TNF and Anxiety: Systemic inflammation, not the fever per se, transiently induced IL-1α and TNF-α in the hippocampus and neocortex, and prevention of this brain response with minocycline, or using an IL-1R antagonist (anakinra) or TNF-α inactivating antibodies, precluded both the acute and long-term reduction in seizure threshold, as well as the comorbidities (anxiety-like behavior and learning and memory deficits) observed in adulthood (Riazi et al., 2010; Galic et al., 2012).