TNF and infection: From these data and the known effects of IL-6 and TNF-α on neuronal activity, it was suggested that IL-6 and TNF-α secreted in the brain by infiltrated monocytes and resident microglia during TMEV infection in B6 mice may contribute to enhanced glutamatergic excitation and decreased GABAergic inhibition and lead to a more seizure prone state (DePaula-Silva et al., 2021).