In general, both mass-specific (Fig. 2a), citrate synthase (CS) activity (Fig. 2c) and mtDNA/nDNA -corrected oxygen fluxes (Fig. 2e) in liver tissue in substrate-inhibitor protocol 1 (SUIT P1) followed a specific pattern, with NAFL + presenting with the highest numerically respiratory rates across all substrate steps, NASH and NAFL− with intermediate flux rates, and CON with the lowest oxygen flux rates. Here, CS is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.