VEGF levels in the BALF or PE were measured in 315 patients with TPE compared with 254 patients with effusion due to CHF/CRF and transudate effusion, 494 patients with TPE compared with 997 patients with malignancy, 298 patients with TPE compared with 586 patients with lung cancer, and 193 patients with TPE compared with 224 patients with PPE. Here, VEGFA is linked to cancer.