INS and Insulin resistance: A systematic review of Vlachou in animal and clinical studies [9] found that probiotics on subjects with DKD had significant alterations in biomarkers of inflammation and renal function in other biomarkers such as fasting plasma glucose (FPG), homeostasis model of assessment-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), increased quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI), insulin, triglycerides (TG), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-c) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) levels.