GDF15 and hepatocellular carcinoma: In addition, the relationship between GDF15 and liver disease has been reported in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)19, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)20, and primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC)21, and GDF15 is associated with hepatic fibrosis and severity.