Probiotic-driven improvement of PD-associated symptoms, such as relief of abdominal pain and bloating, decrease in Bristol scores, increase in the number of spontaneous bowel movements per week, and increases in hs-CRP, Malondialdehyde, and decrease in glutathione and insulin metabolism, have previously been reported21–27; however, to the best of our knowledge, the current study was the first report that investigated the effect of probiotic adjuvant treatment on non-motor symptoms in patients with PD. Here, INS is linked to Parkinson disease.