TNF and Sepsis: At 24 h after sepsis induction we found increased levels of IL-1β (p < 0.05) in the PFC (Fig. 3A), and higher levels of IL-1α (p < 0.05), IL-1β (p < 0.05), IL-6 (p < 0.05), IL-10 (p < 0.05), IL-12 (p < 0.05), IL-17 (p < 0.05), IL-18 (p < 0.05), IFN-γ (p < 0.05), and TNF-α (p < 0.05) in the hippocampus (Fig. 3B) in sepsis group compared with the sham non-CLP surgery group.