More recently, a pilot randomized study with pre-surgical vaccinations with GBM stem cell lysate in patients with WHO grade II low-grade glioma demonstrated homing of vaccine-reactive CD8 + T-cell clones and increased tissue resident-like CD8 + T-cells in the surgically resected glioma following the neoadjuvant vaccination [25]. The gene discussed is CD8A; the disease is glioblastoma.