The results showed that the malignant hallmarks of cancer, including DNA replication (NES = 2.66, P = 0.0012), cell cycle changes (NES = 2.787, P = 0.0011), the p53 signaling pathway (NES = 1.922, P = 0.0011), mismatch repair (NES = 2.319, P = 0.0013), the proteasome (NES = 2.515, P = 0.0012), and nucleotide excision repair (NES = 2.272, P = 0.0012) were significantly correlated with the high-risk group (Fig. 5D-I), which suggested that the high-risk score may contribute to the development of tumor, cause that GSEA phenomenon were closely associated with tumor malignancy. Here, TP53 is linked to cancer.