TNF and neoplasm: As shown in Fig. 5b, 4 h after administration of LND-CDN or liposome-CDN to MC38-tumour-bearing mice, high levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and TNF-α were measured in tumours by either formulation, but LND-CDNs triggered much higher levels of IFN-β production (Fig. 5b).