INS and atherosclerosis: Again, we did not see any difference in vasodilation in response to Ach, insulin and GLP-1 in the presence or absence of TMAO-pre-incubation at physiological concentrations (10−6 M) that resemble circulating levels measured in humans and rats after bariatric surgery and atherosclerosis (Fig. 2D–F) or at the pharmacological high concentration of 10−4 M (SOM Fig. 2A–C).