PADI4 and leukemia: Out of all mammalian tissues, Padi4 is most highly expressed in the bone marrow (BM) and peripheral blood (PB) and is one of the top 50 genes associated with self-renewal, as determined by the fact that it is expressed in HSCs, downregulated upon differentiation to multi-lineage progenitors, but upregulated in leukaemia stem cells (Krivtsov et al., 2006).