CCL2 and infection: Interestingly, a pronounced inflammation was produced from the patients and PBMCs with clade IV infection or inoculation, in agreement with the previously determined association between severe SFTS and uncontrolled inflammatory response, which similarly involved elevated levels of CXCL10, granulocyte-CSF (G-CSF), IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β, MIP-1α, and MCP-1 in patients with the severe or fatal disease [17,27,28].