The presence of the following populations was confirmed after manual gating and their frequency was increased in SLE patients compared to HC: EM CD4+ T cells co-expressing SLAMF1, SLAMF3 and SLAMF5, Treg (CD127-CD25high) CD4+ T cells co-expressing SLAMF1 and SLAMF5, and cTFH CD4+ T cells co-expressing SLAMF1, SLAMF3, SLAMF5 and SLAMF6 (Figure 4B). Here, LY9 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.