TNF and Glucose intolerance: This immunocytic cross-talk causes pathogenic inflammation via the release of cocktail pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, TNF-β, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-17, interferon (IFN)-α, IFN-γ) and IgG in circulation and glycometabolic tissues such as adipose tissue, liver, muscle, and pancreas, which further disturbs metabolism, ultimately resulting in pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, glucose intolerance, and IR (4).