Regarding differences in cytokine levels between the combined PAPS and SAPS (APS) group and healthy controls, the former group showed significantly higher levels of all cytokines, including IL-2 [2.54 (1.80–3.47) vs. 1.86 (1.44–2.38), p=0.008], IL-4 [2.87 (1.82–4.58) vs. 1.82 (1.43–2.31), p<0.001], IL-6 [6.49 (4.87–11.27) vs. 3.92(2.45–6.07), p<0.001], IL-10 [5.20 (3.62–7.86) vs. 2.99 (2.40–4.37), p<0.001], IL-17 [7.69 (3.07–17.61) vs. 4.80 (2.51–6.01), p=0.005], IFN-γ [4.20 (2.61–6.91) vs. 2.60 (2.13–3.56), p=0.002] and TNF-α [3.34 (1.93–5.88) vs. 2.02 (1.48–2.46), p<0.001] (Table 2). Here, TNF is linked to autoimmune polyendocrinopathy.