AICDA and neoplasm: There have also been described roles in tumors for AID/APOBEC proteins in producing genome-wide mutations and DSBs that can result in tumor-promoting DNA translocations (Okazaki et al., 2003; Robbiani et al., 2008; Robbiani et al., 2009) Through their effect on the mutational landscape and the ability to restrict endogenous retrovirus replication, it is possible that AID/APOBEC proteins can affect therapy resistance.