The cardiac TNF-α abundance during viral infection was observed (Glück et al., 2000; Wada et al., 2001; Gagliardi et al., 2004); TNF-α gene expression was seen in 80% of the viral positive myocarditis cases; immunohistochemistry for TNFR1/2 was overexpressed in the TNF-α-positive cases while the controls were always negative. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and myocarditis.